The objective of this paper is to review the literature concerning nitrogen utilisation in lactating
dairy cows with an emphasis on their contribution to environmental pollution. Nitrogen, as oxides or
ammonia, is one of the green houses gases contributing to air pollution and through leaching to
rivers and ground water resources. A quantitative analysis of the contribution of dairy cows to
pollution at the farm level is given and the effect of different types of carbohydrate and protein
supplementation discussed. The relationship between nitrogen intake and nitrogen balance was investigated using data from 580 dairy cows and 90 treatments published in the literature. Regression
analysis described the relationships between nitrogen intake and output in faeces, urine and milk.
Inefficient utilisation of nitrogen by dairy cows indicates that about 72% of consumed nitrogen is
excreted in faeces and urine. There were positive linear relationships between nitrogen intake and
output in faeces, urine and milk up to an intake of 400 g N/d. However, above 400 g N/d, excretion
in urine increased exponentially while the rate of increase in nitrogen excretion in faeces and milk
declined linearly. To reduce nitrogen pollution, it is recommended to decrease the amount of crude
protein in the total diet to approximately 150 g/kg DM which compared with levels of 200 g/crude
protein/kg DM consumption can reduce annual nitrogen excretion in faeces by 21% and more importantly in urine by 66%. Management practices with respect to silage making and the choice of
supplements need to be considered with the aim of reducing total nitrogen in excreta and if possible
shifting nitrogen excretion from urine to faeces.
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Prediction of nitrogen excretion in buffalo production systems using dietary and animal variables Amlan Patra, Kaushik Pal, Melody Lalhriatpuii Agricultural Systems
Comparison of milk production, intake, and total-tract nutrient digestion in lactating dairy cattle fed diets containing either wheat middlings and urea, commercial fermentation by-product, or rumen-protected soybean meal S.W. Fessenden, D.A. Ross, E. Block, Amburgh Van Journal of Dairy Science
Substituting a pasture-based diet with plantain (Plantago lanceolata) reduces nitrogen excreted in urine from dairy cows in late lactation. E.M.K. Minnée, C.M.T. Leach, D.E. Dalley Livestock Science
Milk Production, N Partitioning, and Methane Emissions in Dairy Cows Grazing Mixed or Spatially Separated Simple and Diverse Pastures Lorena Carmona-Flores, Massimo Bionaz, Troy Downing, Muhammet Sahin, Long Cheng, Serkan Ates Animals
Short communication: Genetic aspects of milk urea nitrogen and new indicators of nitrogen efficiency in dairy cows T. Bobbo, M. Penasa, A. Rossoni, M. Cassandro Journal of Dairy Science
The potential effectiveness of four different options to reduce environmental impacts of grazed pastures. A model-based assessment Donna Giltrap, Miko Kirschbaum, Lìyǐn Liáng Agricultural Systems
Nitrogen use efficiency on dairy farms with different grazing systems in northwestern Germany Philipp Löw, Yusuf Karatay, Bernhard Osterburg Environmental Research Communications
Performance and nutrient utilisation of dairy cows offered silages produced from three successive harvests of either a red clover–perennial ryegrass sward or a perennial ryegrass sward D.J Johnston, A.S Laidlaw, K. Theodoridou, C.P. Ferris Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research
Supplementation of urea to a basal pasture diet fed to dairy cows to model N-partitioning relationships S.J. Hendriks, N. Lopez-Villalobos, A.J. Sheahan, D.J. Donaghy, J.R. Roche JDS Communications
Agriculture and Air Quality Pierre Cellier, Sophie Génermont, Antoine Pierart, Sophie Agasse, Jean-Louis Drouet, Nadège Edouard, Thomas Eglin, Laurence Galsomiès, Nadine Guingand, Benjamin Loubet, Isabelle Roussel
Assessing feed efficiency in early and mid-lactation and its associations with performance and health in Holstein cows Marinho Nehme, R. Zimpel, F. Peñagaricano, J.E.P. Santos Journal of Dairy Science
Can Nitrogen Excretion of Dairy Cows Be Reduced by Genetic Selection for Low Milk Urea Nitrogen Concentration? Hewa Ariyarathne, Martin Correa-Luna, Hugh Blair, Dorian Garrick, Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos Animals
Holstein dairy cows with high phosphorus utilization efficiency fed a low phosphorous diet secreted less phosphorus with urine but more with milk and feces Carolin Müller, Björn Kuhla Science of The Total Environment
Diet supplementation with canola meal improves milk production, reduces enteric methane emissions, and shifts nitrogen excretion from urine to feces in dairy cows C. Benchaar, F. Hassanat, K.A. Beauchemin, G. Gislon, D.R. Ouellet Journal of Dairy Science
Estimation of Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Ryegrass-Fed Dairy Cows: Model Development Using Diet- and Animal-Based Proxy Measures Wumaierjiang Aizimu, Omar Al-Marashdeh, Simon Hodge, Richard Dewhurst, Ao Chen, Guangyong Zhao, Saranika Talukder, Grant Edwards, Long Cheng Dairy
Evaluation of nitrogen excretion equations for ryegrass pasture-fed dairy cows C. Christodoulou, J.M. Moorby, E. Tsiplakou, D. Kantas, A. Foskolos Animal
The effect of post-harvest treatment of field beans on dairy cow performance and nutrient utilisation D.J. Johnston, K. Theodoridou, S. Stewart, C.P. Ferris Livestock Science
Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Excretion in Grazing Cows with High and Low Milk Urea Nitrogen Breeding Values Martín Correa-Luna, Daniel Donaghy, Peter Kemp, Michael Schutz, Nicolás López-Villalobos Sustainability
CowNflow: A dataset on nitrogen flows and balances in dairy cows fed maize forage or herbage-based diets Manon Ferreira, Rémy Delagarde, Nadège Edouard Data in Brief
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Effects of a Compound Based on Plants, Yeast and Trace Elements on the Ruminal Function of Dairy Cows Francoise Lessire, Sandra Point, Knoerr Laza, Isabelle Dufrasne Dairy
Spot urine collection: A valid alternative to total urine collection for metabolomic studies in dairy cattle H. Boudra, P. Noziere, G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar, M. Traikia, J-F. Martin, M. Petera, M. Lagree, M. Doreau, D.P. Morgavi Journal of Dairy Science
Effects of water saving and nitrogen reduction on the yield, quality, water and nitrogen use efficiency of Isatis indigotica in Hexi Oasis Xiucheng He, Huizhen Qiu, Kuizhong Xie, Yucai Wang, Juan Hu, Fuqiang Li, Jing An Scientific Reports
Constraints on the utilization of cereal straw in lactating dairy cows: A review from the perspective of systems biology Bing Wang, Huizeng Sun, Diming Wang, Hongyun Liu, Jianxin Liu Animal Nutrition
Effects of increased doses of lysine in a rumen-protected form on plasma amino acid concentration and lactational performance of dairy cows fed a lysine-deficient diet V.M.R. Malacco, L. Beckett, S. Hilger, P. Doane, R.B. Reis, S.S. Donkin Journal of Dairy Science
Cell signalling compound improves pasture and livestock productivity and the environment Usha Amaranathan, Nathan Balasingham Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
Nitrogen Excretion by Dairy Cows Grazing Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) Based Pastures during the Lactating Season Soledad Navarrete, María Rodriguez, David Horne, James Hanly, Mike Hedley, Peter Kemp Animals
Replacement of soybean meal with alternative protein sources in the concentrate supplement for lactating Holstein × Gyr cows in an intensive tropical pasture-based system: effects on performance, milk composition, and diurnal ingestive behavior Ciro Bittencourt, Renato Júnior, Erick Silva, Jonathan Meneguette, Bruno Schuh, Veri Daley, Sergio Fernandes, Ricardo Signoretti, José Freitas Livestock Science
Effect of Supplementing Grass Silage-Based Diets with Concentrate Carbohydrate Sources with Different Fermentation Profiles on N Metabolism of Beef Heifers Fed to Maintenance Stuart Kirwan, Karina Pierce, Eleonora Serra, Vivian Gath, Gaurav Rajauria, Tommy Boland Ruminants
Nitrogen isotopic discrimination as a biomarker of between-cow variation in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization for milk production: A meta-analysis M. Correa-Luna, M. Johansen, P. Noziere, C. Chantelauze, S.M. Nasrollahi, P. Lund, M. Larsen, A.R. Bayat, L.A. Crompton, C.K. Reynolds, E. Froidmont, N. Edouard, R. Dewhurst, L. Bahloul, C. Martin, G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar Journal of Dairy Science
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