ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of spent brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
inclusion on the physical characteristics, water activity,
and stability of fish feed
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1
University of Florida, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gainesville 32611, USA
2
University of Florida, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, Gainesville 32611, USA
3
University of Florida, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Food Science and Human Nutrition Department and Florida Sea Grant, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
Publication date: 2026-05-06
Corresponding author
A. J MacIntosh
University of Florida, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gainesville 32611, USA
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Spent yeast from brewing fermentations is a potential alternative
protein source to fishmeal in aquafeed formulations. Using an easily replenished
waste stream as a protein replacement would assist with sustainable aquaculture
production. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to assess physical
properties of a fishmeal-based aquafeed containing spent brewer’s yeast as
a partial protein substitute. This was performed by comparing three pelletized
feed formulations containing no yeast, live yeast, and a thermally lysed (dead)
yeast. Four primary physical characteristics of the feeds were tested including
macronutrient content, texture, water activity, and water stability. For assessment
of physical parameters, pellets were dried to ~15% moisture content on a wet
basis (MCwb) and ~5% MCwb. Moisture sorption isotherms were practically
identical across all three feed formulations, indicating that significant modification
of preparatory practices when extruding yeast-modified fish feeds is not needed.
Maximum hardness was positively correlated with moisture content and with
yeast inclusion. The water stability was lower at lower moisture contents over
the course of the first two hours of sampling, but was not correlated after four
hours, and decreased with yeast inclusion. Water stability was the lowest for
live-yeast inclusive feeds, in which almost all (~90%) solids were lost after 240
min of water exposure. This study examined several key physical effects which
incorporating living or dead yeast into an extruded fish feed would be expected
to cause, thus forwarding their development as a sustainable protein alternative.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge First Magnitude Brewing Company for their many donations of SBY, and technical support throughout the project. We would also like to acknowledge student support provided by the Lee C. Yeoman’s Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Fellowship Fund, as well as by the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition of the University of Florida.
FUNDING
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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