Together with the extraction of first insect antimicrobial protein
(AMP) from the pupae of the giant silk moths Hyalophora cecropia the antibacterial
activity of insects was observed for the first time in 1980. Practically, AMPs
are small, cationic proteins that exhibit activity against bacteria, fungi as well as
certain parasites and viruses. It is known that in addition to their antimicrobial
effect, they boost host specific innate immune responses and exert selective
immunomodulatory effects involved in angiogenesis and wound healing. More
than 1,500 proteins with antimicrobial activity have been identified in different
organisms, including plants, fungi, bacteria and animals. Insects are a primary
source of AMPs which are considered as not resulting in the development of
natural bacterial resistance. In general, they are characterized as heat-stable
with no adverse effects on eukaryotic cells. These characteristics contribute to
the potential use of these proteins in human and veterinary medicine and in animal
nutrition. Depending on their mode of action, insect AMPs may be applied
as single peptides, as a complex of different AMPs and as an active fraction
of insect proteins in the nutrition of different livestock. The great potential for
the use of AMPs in animal production is primarily associated with the growing
problem of antibiotics resistance, which has triggered the search for alternatives
to antibiotics in livestock production. The review presents the current knowledge
of insect AMPs, their chemical structure and mode of action with focus on their
potential use in agriculture and livestock production.
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