ORIGINAL PAPER
Partial replacement of fish meal with soldier termite in juvenile
Mozambique tilapia: Effects on growth performance, blood serum
chemistry and histomorphology
More details
Hide details
1
University of Limpopo, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Aquaculture
Research Unit, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
Publication date: 2024-02-10
Corresponding author
L. E. Nephale
University of Limpopo, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Aquaculture
Research Unit, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
M. M. Rapatsa-Malatji
University of Limpopo, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Aquaculture
Research Unit, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
J. Anim. Feed Sci. 2024;33(2):243-252
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Insect-based meals have emerged as a viable global scale
alternative to fish meal in aquafeed. This is mainly due to their high protein
content, balanced amino acid composition, and fatty acid profile, which closely
resembles that of fish meal. An 8-week trial was conducted to evaluate the growth
performance, blood serum chemistry, and histomorphology of Mozambique
tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) fed diets containing soldier termite meal as
a partial substitute for fish meal. Five isonitrogenous, isolipidic, and isocaloric
diets were formulated to partially replace fish meal with soldier termite meal at 0,
10, 30, 50, and 70%, labelled as D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5, respectively. The study
showed that soldier termite meal could replace fish meal up to a 50% inclusion
level. The growth performance and nutrient utilisation of fish fed diet D4 (50%)
were comparable to fish fed the control diet. Fish fed the diet with the highest
proportion of soldier termite meal (70%) showed significantly higher alanine
aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels (P < 0.05). Cholesterol,
triglyceride, and glucose levels were not influenced by the inclusion of soldier
termite meal in the diet of Mozambique tilapia (P > 0.05). The histomorphological
examination of the intestines revealed no discernible alterations. The current
study has demonstrated that soldier termite meal can replace fish meal up to
50% of the feed content without inducing adverse effects on growth performance
and health status of O. mossambicus. The cost-benefit analysis showed that
substituting fish meal with soldier termite meal was economically sustainable.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The National Research Foundation (NRF) and
the University of Limpopo, Aquaculture Research
Unit are recognised for financial support. Mr. Gavin
Geldenhuys is appreciated for his technical assistance.
FUNDING
This work was supported by the National Research
Foundation (NRF) and the University of
Limpopo (Aquaculture Research Unit).
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The Authors declare that there is no conflict of
interest.
REFERENCES (36)
1.
Abdel-Tawwab M., Khalil R.H., Metwally A.A., Shakweer M.S., Khallaf M.A., Abdel-Latif H.M.R., 2020. Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal on growth performance, organs-somatic indices, body composition, and hematobiochemical variables of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquaculture 522, 735136,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqua....
2.
Adeleke B., Robertson-Andersson D., Moodley G., Taylor S., 2021. Aquaculture in Africa: A comparative review of Egypt, Nigeria, and Uganda Vis-Á-Vis South Africa. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac. 29, 167–197,
https://doi.org/10.1080/233082....
3.
Adeoye A.A., Akegbejo-Samsons Y., Fawole F.J., Davies S.J., 2019. Preliminary assessment of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larval meal in the diet of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): impact on growth, body index, and hematological parameters. J. World Aquac. Soc. 51, 1024–1033,
https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.1....
4.
Alfiko Y., Xie D., Astuti R.T., Wong J., Wang L., 2022. Insects as a feed ingredient for fish culture: status and trends. Aquac. Fish. 7, 166–178,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.....
5.
AOAC, 2012. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemist. 19th Edition. Washington DC (USA).
6.
Bahnasawy M.H., Abdel-Baky T.E., Abd-Allah G.A., 2003. Growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings raised in an earthen pond. Arch. Polish Fish. 11, 277–285.
7.
Belghit I., Liland N.S., Gjesdal P., Biancarosa I., Menchetti E., Li Y., Waagobo R., Krogdahl E.L., Lock E.-J., 2018. Black soldier fly larvae meal can replace fish meal in diets of sea-water phase Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 503, 609–619,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqua....
8.
Belluco S., Losasso C., Maggioletti M.G., Alonzi C.C., Paoletti M.G., Ricci A., 2013. Edible insects in a food safety and nutritional perspective: a critical review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 12, 296–313,
https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4....
9.
Boafo H.A., Affedzie-Obresi S., Gbemavo D.S.J.C., Clottey V.A., Nkegbe E., Adu-Aboagye G,. Kenis M., 2019. Use of termites by farmers as poultry feed in Ghana. Insects 10, 69,
https://doi.org/10.3390/insect....
10.
Chou B.S., Shiau S.Y., Hung S.S.O., 2001. Effect of dietary cod liver oil on growth and fatty acids of juvenile hybrid tilapia. N. Am. J. Aquac. 63, 277–284,
https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8...<0277:EODCLO>2.0.CO;2.
11.
Djissou A.S.M., Adjahouinou D.C., Koshio S., Fiogbe E.D. 2016. Complete replacement of fish meal by other animal protein sources on growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Int. Aquat. Res. 8, 333–341,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40071....
12.
El-Sayed A.F.M. (Editor), 2006. Tilapia Culture. CABI Publishers. Oxfordshire (UK).
13.
Fawole F.J., Adeoye A.A., Tiamiyu L.O., Ajala K.I., Obadara S.O., Ganiyu I.O., 2020. Substituting fishmeal with Hermetia illucens in the diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): effects on growth, nutrient utilization, haematophysiological response, and oxidative stress biomarker. Aquaculture 518, 734849,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqua....
14.
Folch J., Lees M., Stanley G.H.S., 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497–509,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-....
15.
Gasco L., Józefiak A., Henry M., 2021. Beyond the protein concept: health aspects of using edible insects on animals. J. Insects Food Feed 7, 715–741,
https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF20....
16.
Gebremichael A., Kucska B., Ardó L., et al., 2023. Physiological response of grower African catfish to dietary black soldier fly and mealworm meal. Animals 13, 968
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani130....
17.
Hu Y., Huang Y., Tang T., Zhong L., Chu W., Dai Z., Chen K., Hu Y., 2020. Effect of partial black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal replacement of fish meal in practical diets on the growth, digestive enzyme and related gene expression for rice field eel (Monopterus albus). Aquac. Rep. 17, 100345,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqre....
18.
Hua K., 2021. A meta-analysis of the effects of replacing fish meals with insect meals on growth performance of fish. Aquaculture 530, 735732,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqua....
19.
Ishida Y., Fujita T., Asai K., 1981. New detection and separation method for amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 204, 143–148,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-....
20.
Kinyuru J.N., Mogendi J.B., Riwa C.A., Ndung’u N.W., 2015. Edible insects – a novel source of essential nutrients for human diet: learning from traditional knowledge. Anim. Front. 5, 14–19,
https://doi.org/10.2527/af.201....
21.
Li E., Lim C., Klesius P.H., Welker T.L., 2013. Growth, body fatty acid composition, immuneresponse, and resistance to Streptococcus iniae of hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus, fed diets containing various levels of linoleic and linolenic acids. J. World Aquac. Soc. 44, 42–55,
https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.1....
23.
Manditsera F.A., Luning P.A., Fogliano V., Lakemond C.M.M., 2019. The contribution of wild harvested edible insects (Eulepida mashona and Henicus whellani) to nutrition security in Zimbabwe. J. Food Compos. Anal. 75, 17–25,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca....
24.
Mariod A.A. (Editor), 2020. African Edible Insects as Alternative Source of Food, Oil, Protein and Bioactive Components. Springer. New York, NY (USA), pp. 314,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
25.
Moyo N.A.G., Rapatsa M.M., 2021. A review of the factors affecting tilapia aquaculture production in Southern Africa. Aquaculture 535, 736386,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqua....
26.
Netshifhefhe S.R., Duncan F.D., 2022. Nutrient composition of Macrotermes species consumed in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. J. Insects Food Feed 8, 95–100,
https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF20....
27.
Ogunji J.O., Kloas W., Wirth M., Schulz C., Rennert B., 2008. Housefly Maggot meal (Magmeal) as a protein source for Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.). Asian Fish. Sci. 21, 319–331,
https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs....
28.
Rapatsa M.M., Moyo N.A.G. 2022. A review and meta-analysis of the effects of replacing fishmeal with insect meals on growth of tilapias and sharptooth catfish. Aquac. Nutr. 2022, 9367587,
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9....
29.
Rapatsa M.M., Moyo N.A.G., 2017. Evaluation of Imbrasia belina meal as a fishmeal substitute in Oreochromis mossambicus diets: growth performance, histological analysis and enzyme activity. Aquac. Rep. 5, 18–26,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aq....
30.
Saavedra M., Barata M., Matias A.C. et al., 2023. Effect of dietary incorporation of yellow mealworm as a partial fishmeal replacer on growth, metabolism, and intestinal histomorphology in juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Aquac. Nutr. 2023, 6572421,
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6....
32.
Shekarabi S.P.H., Mehrgan M.S., Banavreh A., 2021. Feasibility of superworm, Zophobas morio, meal as a partial fishmeal replacer in fingerling rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, diet: growth performance, amino acid profile, proteolytic enzymes activity and pigmentation. Aquac. Nutr. 27, 1077–1088,
https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13....
33.
van Dyk J.C., Pieterse G.M., 2008. A histo-morphological study of the testis of the sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) as reference for future toxicological assessments. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 24, 415–422,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439....
34.
van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B., Lewis B.A., 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583–3597,
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0....
35.
Weththasinghe P., Hansen J.Ø., Mydland L.T., Øverland M., 2022. A systematic meta-analysis based review on black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as a novel protein source for salmonids. Rev. Aquac. 14, 938–956,
https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12....
36.
Zhao J., Pan J., Zhang Z., Chen Z., Mai K., Zhang Y., 2023. Fishmeal protein replacement by defatted and full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal in juvenile turbot diet: effects on the growth performance and intestinal microbiota. Aquac. Nutr. 2023, 8128141,
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8....
CITATIONS (2):
1.
Impact of slaughter method on stress in organic common carp (
Cyprinus carpio)
B. Łosiewicz, H. Szudrowicz
Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences
2.
The potential of black soldier fly (
Hermetia illucens L.) larvae in chicken and swine nutrition. A review
B. Osuch, M. Barszcz, D. Tomaszewska-Zaremba
Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences